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" efficacy " how is it calculated? 


The primary goal of most clinical trials is an evaluation of the efficacy of the drug being evaluated. Therefore, it is important to understand if study outcomes are a true reflection of a drug's "real-life" effectiveness. Clinical trials generally evaluate three types of outcomes: subjective, objective, and health-related. Clinical trials that use subjective measures as endpoints usually evaluate outcomes such as symptom scores, the need for rescue medication, and quality-of-life measures.

1. how is vaccine's "efficacy" calculated?


Two general types of studies are used to determine how well influenza vaccines work: randomized controlled trials and observational studies.
More about it here at CDC


2.  efficacy vs effectiveness


​Efficacy and effectiveness are related to each other, but they're not the same thing. Efficacy is just a measurement made during a clinical trial. 'Effectiveness is how well the vaccine works out in the real world,



3. evolution of immunization 


​Following current developments with the coronavirus, I began to research more about what scientists are doing to combat the disease and one of the main topics I found research are immunizations.



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